Jefferson proposed that a group of explorers travel across North America in search of such a waterway. Meriwether Lewis and William Clark led the exploration west from eighteen-oh-three to eighteen-oh-six. They discovered that the Rocky Mountains divided the land. They also found no coast-to-coast waterway.

So Jefferson decided that a different transportation system would best connect American communities. This system involved roads, rivers and railroads. It also included the digging of waterways.

VOICE TWO:

By the middle of the eighteen-hundreds, dirt roads had been built in parts of the nation. The use of river steamboats increased. Boat also traveled along man-made canals which strengthened local economies.

The American railroad system began. Many people did not believe train technology would work. In time, railroads became the most popular form of land transportation in the United States.

In nineteenth-century American culture, railroads were more than just a way to travel. Trains also found their way into the works of writers like Ralph Waldo Emerson, Nathaniel Hawthorne and Walt Whitman.

VOICE ONE:

In eighteen-seventy-six, the United States celebrated its one-hundredth birthday. By now, there were new ways to move people and goods between farms, towns and cities. The flow of business changed. Lives improved.

Within those first one-hundred years, transportation links had helped form a new national economy.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

Workers finished the first coast-to-coast railroad in eighteen-sixty-nine. Towns and cities could develop farther away from major waterways and the coasts. But, to develop economically, many small communities had to build links to the railroads.

Railroads helped many industries, including agriculture. Farmers had a new way to send wheat and grain to ports. From there, ships could carry the goods around the world.

Trains had special container cars with ice to keep meat, milk and other goods cold for long distances on their way to market.

People could now get fresh fruits and vegetables throughout the year. Locally grown crops could be sold nationally. Farmers often hired immigrant workers from Asia and Mexico to plant, harvest and pack these foods.

VOICE ONE:

By the early nineteen-hundreds, American cities had grown. So, too, had public transportation. The electric streetcar became a common form of transportation. These trolleys ran on metal tracks built into streets.

 
H. Nelson Jackson at the wheel of his Winton

Soon, however, people began to drive their own cars. Nelson Jackson and his friend, Sewall Crocker, were honored as the first to cross the United States in an automobile. Their trip in nineteen-oh-three lasted sixty-three days. And it was difficult. Mainly that was because few good roads for driving existed.

But the two men, and their dog Bud, also had trouble with their car and with the weather. Yet, they proved that long-distance travel across the United States was possible. The trip also helped fuel interest in the American automobile industry.

VOICE TWO:

By nineteen-thirty, more than half the families in America owned an automobile. For many, a car became a need, not simply an expensive toy. To deal with the changes, lawmakers had to pass new traffic laws and rebuild roads.

Cars also needed businesses to service them. Gas stations, tire stores and repair centers began to appear.

Many people took to the road for personal travel or to find work. The open highway came to represent independence and freedom. During the nineteen-twenties and thirties, the most traveled road in the United States was Route Sixty-Six. It stretched from Chicago, Illinois, to the Pacific Ocean in Santa Monica, California. It was considered the “people’s highway.”

VOICE ONE:

The writer John Steinbeck called Route Sixty-Six the “Mother Road” in his book “The Grapes of Wrath.” Hundreds of thousands of people traveled this Mother Road during the Great Depression of the nineteen-thirties. They came from the middle of the country. They moved West in search of work and a better life.

In nineteen-forty-six, Nat King Cole came out with this song, called “Route Sixty-Six.”

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

 
Traffic in the 1950′s

World War Two ended in nineteen-forty-five. Soldiers came home and started families. Businesses started to move out to the edges of cities where suburbs were developing. Most families in these growing communities had cars, bicycles or motorcycles to get around. Buses also became popular.

The movement of businesses and people away from city centers led to the economic weakening of many downtown areas. City leaders reacted with transportation projects designed to support downtown development.

Underground train systems also became popular in the nineteen-fifties. Some people had enough money to ride on the newest form of transportation: the airplane.

VOICE ONE:

But for most automobile drivers, long-distance travel remained somewhat difficult. There was no state-to-state highway system. In nineteen-fifty-six Congress passed a law called the Federal-Aid Highway Act. Engineers designed a sixty-five-thousand kilometer system of roads. They designed highways to reach every city with a population over one-hundred-thousand.

The major work on the Interstate Highway System was completed around nineteen-ninety. It cost more than one-hundred-thousand-million dollars. It has done more than simply make a trip to see family in another state easier. It has also led to the rise of the container trucking industry.

(MUSIC)

VOICE TWO:

The American transportation system started with horses and boats. It now includes everything from container trucks to airplanes to motorcycles. Yet, in some ways, the system has been a victim of its own success.

Many places struggle with traffic problems as more and more cars fill the roads. And a lot of people do not just drive cars anymore. They drive big sport utility vehicles and minivans and personal trucks.

For others, hybrid cars are the answer. Hybrids use both gas and electricity. They save fuel and reduce pollution. But pollution is not the only environmental concern with transportation. Ease of travel means development can spread farther and farther. And that means the loss of natural areas.

Yet, every day, Americans depend on their transportation system to keep them, and the largest economy in the world, on the move.

(MUSIC)

VOICE ONE

The National Museum of American History in Washington, D.C. has a new transportation exhibition. “America on the Move” explores the connection to the economic, social and cultural development of the United States. And you can experience it all on the Internet at americanhistory.si.edu. Again, the address is americanhistory.si.edu/onthemove/exhibition.

Needsee can do you a favor to help you develop your business. Needsee is an integrated service provider of overseas marketing for the global import and export enterprises to provide a full range of overseas marketing outreach programs.

The legend tells that Rome was founded on April 21, 753 BC, by the twin sons of Mars, Romulus and Remus. Romulus killed his brother over the throne and became the sole ruler of Rome. He reigned until 715 BC, when he was succeeded by Numa Pompilius, the founder of Roman law and its religious practices.

With time, Roman power, influence and territory grew to unprecedented proportions in the ancient world. By the end of the Republic (31 BC), Rome controlled the entire Mediterranean. They defeated their most powerful rivals, the Carthaginians, and took over many of the lands ruled by the Greeks, including Egypt. Although, eventually ancient Rome was sacrificed at the altar of its own internal struggles for power, it was not before it had written its name under one of the most important periods in humankind’s history. Two thousand years later, ancient Rome remains an endless inspiration of art, culture, architecture, and even fashion.

Costume

Roman costume was influenced by the styles of previous civilizations, such as the Etruscans and the Greeks, and also reflected the dress of conquered peoples, although in a lesser degree. It comprised two main categories: indutus, items that were put on, and amictus, clothing wrapped or draped around the body. The wide range of climates that existed within the vast Roman Empire led to the creation of the seasonal dressing concept. Dress was adapted to the specific seasons and weather conditions.

Women’s clothing

Women’s clothes were made of light materials and in a variety of colors, which set them apart from men’s clothes. Also, unlike men’s dress, women’s clothes changed little. The primary garment was the stola, a long tunic with full sleeves. It was made from wool, cotton or linen, with the more expensive designs made from silk. The stola was worn with a girdle known as cingulum and a wide belt, known as a succinda. With the help of these, women achieved to create a double-bloused effect. Under the stola women wore a bust bodice – the strophium, and a sleeveless shift dress – the subucula.

Roman matrons wore wide tunics, pleated into tiny folds, which were held together at the shoulder by a series of buttons along the sleeve.

The palla was a warm piece of cloth with a hood, fastened with a clasp. Another outer garment was the sapparum, worn by women of the upper class, which had short sleeves, and the olicula, which basically was a short cape.

Men’s clothing

In the early days of the Republic, Roman men wore a simple linen loincloth known as the subligaculom or licinium. By the time of the empire, only athletes and workmen were permitted to wear loincloths. Romans, unlike the Greeks, were not tolerant of nudity. They did, however, inherit from them their two main garments: the tunic and the cloak. The basic short-sleeved tunic consisted of two pieces of wool cloth joined at the shoulders and down the sides, with slits for the head and arms. It was gathered at the waist with a belt, but could also be worn with a girdle.

There were different tunic styles for different occasions and social ranks. Magistrates wore the Tunica angusti clavi, which had two narrow purple stripes on each shoulder. The Tunica laticlavia, worn by senators, featured wider purple stripes. Made from purple silk and embroidered with gold thread, the Tunica palmata was worn by victorious generals. It consisted of two pieces and was worn together with the Toga picta. There were also other tunics, such as the Tunica recta, the Subucula and Tunica exteriodum, and the Caracaila.

The most important mantle was the toga, which was descended from the Greek himation and the Etruscan tebenna. The draped, elliptically shaped woolen piece of fabric was reserved for Roman citizens; slaves, foreigners, and lower classes were forbidden from wearing it. The toga’s decoration, color and shape denoted the wearer’s social rank. As did the manner in which the toga was draped.

The different forms of togas included the Toga picta, which signified victory and was worn by Roman generals on specific occasions. This toga was property of the state and only loaned to generals for ceremonial wear. Another toga was the Toga candida, which was worn by candidates for public office. Mourners wore the Toga pulla, which was either black, dark brown or gray, and had a head cover. The solid purple Toga trabea was worn by spiritual men. The same toga with purple and crimson stripes was reserved for the augurs or omens interpreters, while the purple and white one revealed the rulers of the Republic.

With the expansion of the Empire, Rome came to include in its territories much of northern Europe, which translated into harsher climatic conditions. Warm outer garments became a necessity. The Roman wardrobe included the sagum – a blanket-like wrap, taken from the Gauls; the lacerna, a rectangular piece of wool, draped over the shoulders, which had to be fastened with a clasp; the pallum – or women’s palla – was a short rectangular cloak, influenced by the Greek himation; the paludanentum, was an enlarged version of the Greek chlamys, worn by Roman generals.

Electronic money is a recent invention which means that currency with real value can be exchanged for traditional cash; it is instead entirely virtual or digital. It is a new invention in the history of money and commerce. Electronic money only exists in digital format and is primarily based on the internet or smart cards that have a record of their stored value. The transactions which are electronically done are known as electronic money. Similar names for electronic money are electronic cash, e-money, digital money, digital currency or digital cash.

The computer age has made the creation of money possible. It began back in the 1960s when IBM and American Airlines created a system called SABRE (Semi-Automatic Busines Research Environment), this allowed offices of American Airlines fitted with terminals connected to telephone lines and helped agencies to check flight times, seat availability, and then make reservations electronically that could be paid by using a system of credits.

Banks in America and Europe has started using mainframe computers by the 1970s, it helped them track transactions. It was a system that proved to be a success internationally when currency exchange was needed.

Consumer uptake of electronic money was first noticed in France in 1982 with the introduction of the Minitel service. The US and UK had developed basic tele text service that helped televisions to display text directly onto the television screen like news, program guides, game show results or weather update. The teletext was a very useful and simple one way service.

The French Minitel service used a dumb terminal with built-in modem, the service operated over standard telephone lines and the terminals were equipped with full AZERTY keyboards. The subscribers typed messages or searched queries. These Minitel terminals were given for free to more than 9 million households to encourage business entrepreneurs. Payment could be made through credit card or charged to the telephone account. This marked the first use of electronic money in the consumer market.

In 1979, a slightly similar service was launched in the UK named Prestel. It supported equipment was costly and it required customers to call and arrange payment over the phone. A service known as Homelink started in 1983 with the support of the Bank of Scotland and Nottingham Building Society. The account holders could subscribe to a special Prestel service that allowed online banking. This marked the first recorded use of electronic money.

The year 1991 saw the introduction of internet in consumer market and the disbanding of the Arpanet network. It wasn’t long until 1992 when America Online took advantage of the new Internet and started offering retail services directly to their subscribers who could pay using a credit card.

The year 1994 took a leap of faith that internet would help businesses. Pizza Hut adopted a same model that was used by Peapod for allowing online pizza ordering with the choice of payments like credit card via internet or in cash on delivery.

Late 1990s proved to be an essential moment for electronic money. Amazon.com was launched in 1995 and PayPal was formed in 1998. This made convenient and easy payment of money online without any risk of credit card number theft. The innovation of PayPal was to offer virtual account to the customers that could be topped up using credit card or wire transfer. Then email addresses were used to receive and send money. The services of PayPal marked a unique beginning of electronic money which was different from traditional phone and online credit card transactions.

Furthermore, the model of PayPal was copied by other providers with new ideas for securing customer funds using gold standard, silver, platinum or palladium. However sending and receiving payments with an email address was flexible.

Virtual currency backed by precious metals can be exchanged for any supported currency. eLibertyReserve, e-gold and Webmoney have become the biggest gold backed electronic money providers.

Private currencies had also proliferated encouraged by the demand for some form or marketplace within networked games like World of Warcraft and Second Life. Since then, private currencies have developed in many forums and webmaster services as a means of offering advertising amongst members.

The most successful electronic money has been facilitated with stored value cards that are denominated in local currency. The US military designed a stored value card called Eagle Cash that provided an advance on soldier’s earnings. Hong Kong also designed a stored value card for making quick purchase of subway tickets also accepted as a defacto cash card by many retailers in the city.

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Radio is a technology that transmits data to a remote point where a receiver detects the simple without the use of wire. Radio is thought to be AM or FM stations in terms of common glossary. In fact, radio waves are also used for receiving and sending data waves like satellite broadcasts, Bluetooth devices and wifi networks.

The history of radio dates back to the mid 1800s. It involved theory related to electricity and magnetism. Telegraph was the first available technology developed from this discovery although it required wire cables.

James Maxwell had developed his own theories related to electromagnetism in 1865. This led to the first true experiments of wireless. Many physicists like Thomas Edison, Mahlon Loomis and William Henry Ward patented methods of sending and receiving a wireless telegraph system but a working system was never demonstrated by them.
In 1884, Temistocle Calzecchi-Onesti invented a device which was subsequently refined. Edouard Branly later named it coherer in 1886. It was a glass tube filled with metal filings connected to electrical current producing an audible click in a sounder while receiving the signal. The coherer became the enabling technology allowing early radio signals to be received.

In 1887, Heinrich Hertz was the first person who had refined a system that allowed him to experiment with sending wireless signals to a wireless receiver. He was honored in 1933. In 1892, a Serbian-Croatian immigrant to the US, Nikola Tesla demonstrated the first complete radio transmitter and receiver system and became the first successful person invent radio. Unfortunately, there was a fire in his laboratory in 1895 and he could not demonstrate his radio. However in 1898, Tesla demonstrated the first radio later and filed patents for radio in early 1900s.

An Italian, Guglielmo Marconi was fascinated by the idea of wirelessly transmitting a telegraph signal. In 1894, he successfully invented a spark transmitter with an antenna. Unfortunately, the Italian Postal Service which controlled telegraph services were not interested in his experiment. He moved to England in 1896 where he successfully demonstrated his technology to the English Post Office who immediately recognized his services. Queen Victoria was also impressed by his invention. Marconi was related to British nobility who were powerful investors in his companies and in the emerging US markets.

In 1900, another American Reginald Fessenden demonstrated his new technology which was used by the weather department for sending information to ships at sea. He invented the Barretter detector allowing him to develop amplitude modulation (AM).
The 1920s was the true birth years of modern radio and almost every home owned a radio. Television started to catch up during the 1960s and it was a preferred medium of entertainment for Americans. However radio firmly held on in the car and by 1990s, many Americans listened to radio in their car or at work. Wirelessly broadcasting traffic reports, music and news to radio receivers still prevails despite the arrival of internet and satellite radio.

Memorial Day is held annually on the last Monday of May. It is America’s favorite federal holidays as it is an official start of the summer season. Besides this, it is also an emotional holiday for many people because this day honors the fallen soldiers of the US Army. The history of this day dates back to the 19th century and is more complex than it appears.

No one is sure when and where the first Memorial Day was held. It is documented but many towns throughout the country began celebrating their dead after the end of Civil War in 1865. Towns from North and South participated in this annual tradition. It was soon known as the ‘Decoration Day.’ It got its name from the custom of decorating soldier’s graves.

Waterloo, New York was one town that became famous for its celebration of Decoration Day. Its residents started this tradition in 1866 holding it for a long time every year at the same date. On 1868, Decoration Day became a national event when Gen John Logan declared its value for the entire nation. The first official Decoration Day was held on 30 May 1868.

In 1967, Decoration Day officially became a Memorial Day despite its name was used since the end of 10th century and was popular after the Second World War. After a year, Memorial Day became a ‘uniform’ holiday and was declared to be held on the last Monday of May instead of May 30. The underlying principle was for three important federal holidays to provide America with a long weekend every year.

Like many holidays, time has somehow lessened the historical importance of Memorial Day in people’s minds. The US government still holds a service every year to commemorate its fallen soldiers. The ceremony is traditionally held every year in Arlington Military Cemetery which is attended by thousands of people. The Tomb of the Unknown Soldier is particularly honored and the nation is addressed by the President.

At present, Americans observe Memorial Day not only to commemorate the fallen Civil War veterans but also to honor all American soldiers who laid their lives in war. On the same hand, Memorial Day still remains more than just a day off from work for Americans. This holiday is also a fun day for celebrating the arrival of warmer weather.

Our lives are increasingly mobile and our cell phones are not only a way to contact anyone, anytime, anywhere but also our calendars, cameras, photo albums, inboxes, maps, weather reports, dictionaries, and entertainment. Payphones are disappearing as business users edit documents on their Blackberries, kids text each other furiously in class instead of passing notes and celebrities partner with handset manufacturers. We take our cell phones for granted now but it wasn’t that long ago that a cell phone was much like a snow leopard – rare, expensive and exotic. So what happened? What were the technologies that really changed the playing field for mobile? How have our systems of communication changed over the past three decades?

Let us take you on a tour of the most noteworthy mobile moments – from telecomm inventions to handset debuts to appearances in popular culture, we’ve found the top 20 Moments in Mobile Phone History. From must-have handsets to advancements that moved mobile forward, we’re hightlighting watershed occassions, developments and adaptations that made mobile phones an indispensible addition to our lives.

10．1999 – Working Woman magazine and Barbie partner to release the Working Woman Barbie.

Complete with file organizer, large purse, laptop and coffee mug Barbie’s notable accessory here is her included mobile phone. Also comes with a CDROM that allows girls to make business cards, stationary and calendars, WWBarbie says slogans such as “Going to work is fun!” Working Woman Barbie helped to broker the deal between toys and technology, and made the cell phone an in-demand must-have by a whole new generation of young girls. Current children’s toys include a bevy of play cell phones, but Barbie broke the barrier.

9．2002 – Danger Hiptop/TMobile Sidekick is released.

The Hiptop/Sidekick appears with full HTML support and online connectivity, a 240 X 160 LCD screen, USB, POP3, a camera connector and a slick 180 flip screen that revealed a full QWERTY keyboard. Although it wasn’t exactly super-slim, it was the only mobile of its time to factory integrate an IM client making it very popular with deaf users. In 2003, the Sidekick was the first mobile that could place unassisted TTY and Relay Operator calls via the web browser. It was, as they say, hip with the kids. Even Veronica Mars had one, and if it’s good enough for a fictional teen sleuth then it’s definitely good enough for the cool kids on the bus.

8．1996 – Motorola StarTAC appears.

A flip handset remarked upon for its small size (enter obligatory chuckle here), the StarTAC could receive SMS text messages, used a lithium-ion battery and had the first vibrating alert feature on a phone. This was to telephony what color was to television. Initially set at a ,000 price point, the StarTAC was so popular it was revived in 2004 for a South Korean market and redesigned for a V.I.P. 10th Anniversary Edition. Split handsets into two categories: flip and candybar, appeared in the movie 8mm with Nicholas Cage and paved the way for the Razr.

7．1987- Wall Street/ Gordon Gekko

Michael Douglas’ Gordon Gekko flaunts his wealth with his super-hip FY8850 mobile (on a beach, with his shirt unbuttoned, naturally) in Wall Street. A character that epitomizes greed, wealth and power, his casual use of elite technology in an era marked by brand name status makes a clear statement about the divide between the technology have’s and have-nots. In the past 20+ years, mobiles in movies have evolved from product placement, to thwarting victims in horror movies with poor reception to inevitably becoming part of the plot. In 2004, both the Chinese film Cell Phone and the William H. Macy dud Cellular were released; 2008 gave us One Missed Call.

6．1991 – Radiolinja, the first GSM network opens in Finland.

Radiolinja brings Finland up to speed, with the first U.S. upgrade coming in 1994. Now we’re talking. The benefits of the 2G digital upgrade gave users digitally encrypted phone conversations as well as mobile data services. Ah, digital. We’re talking faster, leaner, cleaner, uses less battery power, gives enhanced user privacy. It also brought the term “dropped call” into popular lexicon while putting an end to cloned cell numbers. It was a short stop from 2G to 2.5G (bundling brings WAP, MMS, email and web access) then a hop, skip and a jump to 2.75G/EDGE (allowing backward compatible technology, hence, faster data transmission rates). Users begin to expect 2G (at least) in their handsets.

5．2003 – Mobile business users get treated to the Palm Treo 600.

Remarked upon for being the most integrated PDA/mobile phone combo of its time, this feature rich handset had a 640 X 480 VGA camera, 32MB of internal memory (and expansion slot), Wi-Fi adapter, USB, SMS, MMS, email, P-Tunes MP3 player, Kinoma video player, resistive touchscreen, and Palm’s own OS and HTML browser (Blazer) and a backlit keyboard. Users could check their calendar while on the phone and dial direct from the contacts list.  The five-way navigation button was heralded as being a sizeable innovation as it enabled users to operate the Treo using only one hand, easily solidifying Palm’s place in business users hearts.

4．2001 – NTT DoCoMo launches the first commercial 3G network

Another first for NTT DoCoMo – using WCDMA technology, branded FOMA, DoCoMo’s 3G allowed mobile users simultaneous use of speech and data services and higher data rates. 3G also offered increased security by allowing the handset to authenticate networks it was attaching to, addressing concerns about vulnerabilities while mobile browsing. Verizon and Monet Mobile Networks helped bring the first commercial 3G to the US in 2003. By 2007 there were 190 3G networks operating in 40 countries, with 154 HSDPA networks in 71 countries, cutting the path for mobile TV, video conferencing and location-based services.

3．2009 – Palm Pre brings Palm back.

Much like the Razr did for Motorola, the Pre helped boost Palm back into the modern mobile word. After getting left in the dust, Palm picked itself up and shimmied right into a smooth pebble-type design. Featuring background notification, 3.1 inch multitouch screen, 320 X 480 display, integrated IM, SMS, MMS, Wi-Fi, built-in GPS, a 3mp camera with LED flash, USB, 80g of memory and a freshly redesigned UI in webOS, the Pre also remembered its customer base and offered a customizable inbox and calendar/contact integration. The first mobile to use a TI OMAP 3430 processor, and the first to have a wireless charging base, the Touchstone.

2．2008 – HTC releases the Dream – first Android-based handset.

The first Android phone finally appears in the form of the HTC Dream. With 256MB, 3.2inch LCD flat touchscreen (320 X 480 res), integrated GPS, Bluetooth, Wi-Fi, 3.2mp camera, expansion slot and background processing, the Dream was built as a Linux-based, open-source iPhone challenger. Also called the TMobile G1, the handset included a full array of Google candy: Gmail, Google Calendar, Google Maps, Google Talk, YouTube and a limited Google Docs. Often touted with the Pre as the next contender in a long line of “iPhone Killers”, the Dream pulled itself up by its handy notification bar and went to bat for a new non-Apple future. The latest incantation, Droid, is gaining Android plenty of ground.

1．2002 – American Idol premieres.

By allowing its fans to choose their pop sensation winner by calling the singers assigned phone number to vote, AI was a front-runner in integrating mobile with entertainment. AI currently has involvement with both AT&T and Samsung for services running from unlimited messaging plans (for easier voting) and Idol text chat session to ringtones, SMS trivia, even a text reminder of contestant codes. AI, understanding both its fan base and the potential of mobile, was able to explode into a media giant surpassing even the democratic process: in 2007 74 million people voted for rocker David Cook as the “next American Idol,” in 2004 64 million people voted for George W. Bush

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Description: The German Wirehaired Pointer is a well balanced dog standing 22-26 inches in height and weighing 60-70 lbs. They should have long, thin legs leading up to a well proportioned body. They have a long neck and a rather square head. Their faces should be brown with oval eyes, and rounded ears that hang close to the head. Their coat colouring should be either liver and white, with ticking, or roan and spotted, they can also be solid liver, whichever marking though their head should be liver, with or without a white blaze, and their ears should be liver. The coat is this breeds most distinctive feature, they have an undercoat that should be thin in the summer and profuse in the winter, and their outer coat is harsh and wiry making them weather resistant and almost waterproof. History: Originating around 150 years ago in Germany, the German Wirehaired Pointer was developed to be a versatile hunter capable of working anywhere from mountains to forests and open plains. Its ancestry has never been completely agreed on but it is thought that the Wirehaired Griffon, Pudelpointer, Stichelhaar, and Deutsch-Kurzhaar were the main breeds used. They are used for many things such as hunting water fowl, searching for game, and as a gun dog, tracking wounded animals and even non hunting things such as guard dogs. On top of all this though they were also designed to make a great companion and pet.

Temperament: The German Wirehaired Pointer is a loyal family companion who is affectionate and intelligent. They are very active dogs, though, and so need plenty of exercise without which they can become bored and hard to manage. They should be socialised from a young age or they can become aloof with strangers, they also need an owner who the dog knows is in command. You should never be aggressive or violent towards a dog, however if they think they are in charge they can become dominant. Due to the level of loyalty they have to their family, they can sometimes become jealous of other pets, however because they are such intelligent dogs training them shouldn’t be difficult even if they’re having a stubborn 5 minutes.

Health Issues: Although usually a healthy dog, the German Wirehaired Pointer is prone to a few illnesses and diseases these can include ear infections, hip dysplasia, genetic eye disease, bloat and skin cancer. Their average life expectancy is between 12 and 14 years. Another condition they can suffer from is bladder control disease; this is an exceptionally rare illness that can cause unfortunate accidents. They can also get Lymposarcoma, a cancer of the lymph nodes, and hemangiosarcoma, a cancer of the blood vessels of the spleen, right atrium and the liver.

Grooming: The German Wirehaired Pointer should be brushed 2-3 times a week, to be kept looking their best, and they should also be hand stripped occasionally when it is needed. They are an average shedder and should only be bathed when needed; their coat should have a rough texture so over bathing them could soften their fur. It’s also important to regularly clean their ears, and check their paws for any debris they may have picked up.

Living Conditions: Due to the fact that they are such energetic dogs, they are not suited to apartment life and are defiantly not suited to being kept in a kennel. They would do best with an active family who have a big garden so that they can run around and keep themselves amused.

Manchester Terrier Dog Breed History, Temperament, Health Issues, Grooming and Living Conditions

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Home Page > Home and Family > Pets > Manchester Terrier Dog Breed History, Temperament, Health Issues, Grooming and Living Conditions

Manchester Terrier Dog Breed History, Temperament, Health Issues, Grooming and Living Conditions

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Manchester Terrier Dog Breed History, Temperament, Health Issues, Grooming and Living Conditions

By: scott lipey

About the Author

For more information on the different Dog Breeds, Dog Training methods and Teacup Puppies for sale including Teacup Yorkies, Teacup Chihuahuas and Teacup Morkies Please visit my websites below. TEACUP YORKIE PUPPIES for SALE

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Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Manchester Terrier Dog Breed History, Temperament, Health Issues, Grooming and Living Conditions

Description: The Manchester Terrier comes in two heights, the standard and toy. The standard height is 15 to 16 inches with an average weight of around 18 pounds, with the bitch being slightly less at 17 pounds. The Toy breed is 10 to 12 inches in height. Their weight is around 6 to 8 pounds, and in the United States they are accepted at 12 pounds. This breed’s head is closely skinned, extended, and narrow. The head is almost flat with a slight notch to the forehead. Their ears when natural are V in shape and half erect, with the folded front flap. In the toy variety ears are usually totally erect. If cropping is permitted, the ears are cropped long and pointed. The eyes are almond shaped, and dark in colour. The teeth should meet in a level or scissor bite. They have a black nose. The tail is thick at the base and tapers to a point. The coat comes in black and tan, with distinctive starting and stopping points, and does not have blending. The coat is dense and short and tight to the skin.

History: Here we see the oldest known Terrier breed. The Manchester Terrier, like most terriers, were bred for ratting. This breed started in the 19th century, in the city of Manchester, in England. This breed is known as the best rat killing breed, of dog. In a contest, held in Manchester, a dog called Billy was said to have killed a hundred rats in 6 minutes and 13 seconds. This breeds’ gene pool comes from crossing black and tan terriers with the Whippet. This breed became a companion dog in Queen Victoria’s era, where small dogs became popular as people followed Queen Victoria’s lead. The Doberman Pinscher looks in fact, comes from this breed rather than the other way around.

Temperament: The Manchester Terrier is intelligent and eager, to learn. With their ability and a true Terrier nature they can be independent and faithful. This dog is exceptionally lively and will require plenty of walking and play. This dog will enjoy plenty of exercise off the lead, as their need to be running is high. This breed loves to please their owners, and can be fantastic in activities such as agility training or obedience trials. With their great want of your attention, they do require good leadership from their owner, and plenty of mental and physical exercise. Without the daily activities, this dog can get stressed, when left alone. This can lead to boredom and destructiveness, and they have been reported to be excessive barkers if ignored. If good leadership is established, you as the owner are allowed to leave the dog, but the dog is not allowed to leave you. So if your dog feels they are the leader you should not leave them. So establishing good leadership with your dog can prevent so many problems and give your dog the confidence to be alone. This breed loves to be with their family and will love nothing more than walking with them daily. Socialise, this dog well as a puppy, and give good rules and leadership to gain the best from this breed.

Health issues: This breed can have glaucoma, blood problems, Von Willebrand’s, which is a bleeding problem, this is rare. They may have heat problems so keep a good check of their skin in hot weather.

Grooming: This breed has little to no grooming requirements. Rub over with a rubber brush to add a shine to their coat as and when you wish.

Living conditions: The Manchester Terrier is good for apartment living, providing, they have had plenty of outdoor exercise. This breed is active in doors and will do well with the small size garden but can cope without a garden.

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Home Page > Home and Family > Pets > Chinese Shar Pei Dog Breed History, Health Issues, Grooming and Personality Traits

Chinese Shar Pei Dog Breed History, Health Issues, Grooming and Personality Traits

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Chinese Shar Pei Dog Breed History, Health Issues, Grooming and Personality Traits

By: scott lipey

About the Author

For more information on the different Dog Breeds, Dog Training methods and Teacup Puppies for sale including Teacup Yorkies, Teacup Chihuahuas and Teacup Morkies Please visit my websites below. TEACUP YORKIE PUPPIES for SALE

(ArticlesBase SC #2612495)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – Chinese Shar Pei Dog Breed History, Health Issues, Grooming and Personality Traits

Description: The Chinese Shar Pei is a large dog that stands between 11 and 18 inches in height. This dog is famous for its wrinkled, saggy skin. It has a square profile with a broad and flat head. The muzzle is exceptionally full and wide with a moderate stop. This breed’s tongue is blue- black in colour. The teeth meeting in a scissor bite. The eyes are small almost hidden and are almond shaped, they are set wide apart. With high sets triangular ears that are small and curved slightly at the tip. With a particularly high tail, that is bulky at the base, tapering off to a finer point. There are three types of coats: Brush coat, horse coat and the rare bear coat, the last one is not recognized by the AKC. This is due to the fact it is perhaps a throwback to the Chow-chow. The rare bear coat still, however makes an excellent pet. The horse coat within this breed is rough to the touch and feels prickly. The brush coat is longer haired and is smoother to the touch. The coat on either variety can grow up to 1 inch in length colours include all solid colours and sables. This dog usually comes in two varieties of skin folds, one is covered in large folds of wrinkles even into adulthood, and this is mainly the brush coat. The other variety has skin appears tight on his body with wrinkles more pronounced on the face and withers; this is more likely with the horse coat.

History: The Chinese Shar Pei breed is an ancient Chinese dog, and comes from China. This dog is descended possibly from the chow chow, however, the only actual link is a blue black tongue. It is thought to date back to 206 BC but the only evidence of this is in pictures on pottery. This dog has been used for many purposes, on the farm. These include hunting, herding, tracking, protecting stock, killing vermin, and as a guard dog. It has also been used as a fighting dog, having the advantage of prickly and loose skin which makes it harder for the opponent dog to grab hold. The Chinese believed that the wrinkled face and black tongue would ward off evil spirits. Due to the communist revolution this breed’s numbers dwindle, and in 1973, a Hong Kong businessman attempted to save the breed. He drew attention to this breed through an American magazine, and since those times the numbers have steadily risen and the dog has become one of the popular breeds in the USA. This breed has over 70,000 dogs registered as foundation stock.

Temperament: The Chinese Shar Pei dog is intelligent, playful and very loyal. They bond with their family, but are not unfriendly to others, providing, they had been socialised well as a puppy. The Chinese Shar Pei is independence and easy-going. This makes them a charming companion. It is wise to remember the dogs roots in hunting and fighting and not to get carried away by the fact this dog looks like a toy. This dog needs a confident owner. This is not a dog that should be allowed to take over the home. This dog needs firm, very consistent, strong leadership, and understand humans are above him in the pecking order. This dog needs obedience training to establish your leadership. If this dog feels he is in command, he will become stubborn and overbearing and can be a very aggressive dog. Socializing well as a puppy is very importance, this way, they can gain confidence and be used to other dogs, and children or any new situations. This dog’s temperament depends on how the dog is treated, and to a small extent to its parenthood and genetic line. So care should be taken when purchasing this dog, as in the 1980s it was carelessly over bred. This dog also needs regular exercise, and daily walks are a must for this dog.

Health issues: The Chinese Shar Pei breed can get skin problems that are not at all due to the wrinkles, but rather hereditary condition due to over breeding in the 1980s. Caution is advised when buying this dog, and only to use a reputable dealer. They can be prone to kidney failure, called amolydosis. They can also suffer from heat as the wrinkles on their face retain in the heat.

Grooming: The Chinese Shar Pei coat needs brushing regularly, but does not need cutting. The coat sheds little all year round, with the horse coat tending to be seasonal. This breed can bath weekly, particularly when shedding as they look somewhat scruffy during this period.

Living conditions: The Chinese Shar- Pei is fine for apartment life, providing it has adequate walking and exercise. Care needs to be taken in warm weather due to the wrinkles of their head, holding in the heat.

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English Bulldog Health Issues, Grooming, History and Living Conditions

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Home Page > Home and Family > Pets > English Bulldog Health Issues, Grooming, History and Living Conditions

English Bulldog Health Issues, Grooming, History and Living Conditions

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English Bulldog Health Issues, Grooming, History and Living Conditions

By: scott lipey

About the Author

For more information on the different Dog Breeds, Dog Training methods and Teacup Puppies for sale including Teacup Yorkies, Teacup Chihuahuas and Teacup Morkies Please visit my websites below. TEACUP YORKIE PUPPIES for SALE

(ArticlesBase SC #2622019)

Article Source: http://www.articlesbase.com/ – English Bulldog Health Issues, Grooming, History and Living Conditions

Description: The English bulldog is of medium size, a compact but wide dog with short legs. The body and head are well built, with extra skin on both the skull and forehead. Their cheek extends to the side of the eyes. It has a short but wide muzzle with a broad and deep stop. The nose is broad with large nostrils and is black in colour. This breed has dark eyes that are setback. They have ears that are small, thin, and set high on the head. With large jaws, that are also broad and square with hanging upper lips, this breed should have an under bite. The tail is screwed, but can be straight. This is carried low. Their coat is short smooth, flat and glossy. Others include red brindle, and other shades of brindle, solid red, solid white, piebald, pale yellow, fawn, Fallow or washed out and read the white and the combination of these colours is acceptable.

History: This breed originated in the British Isles. This breed descended from the ancient Asiatic mastiff. The name bull came from a popular sport, of the time, that used dogs to fight bulls. This breed was ferocious, courageous and extremely aggressive, with a muscular body built with the power to attack a fully grown bull. This practice was banned in the 19th century, and we see today, the bulldog with a different temperament, to the one needed in the ring to fight the balls. However, it is wise to remember, this dog still retains a strong strength of mind.

Temperament: While this dog still looks intimidating, it is one of the gentlest dogs available today. It, however, still will see off any intruder, that would dare to encounter this dog. This breed is affectionate and gentle with children. However, it can be very persistent and determined, when it wishes. Combined with the gift, not to give up easily. This breed is very much a people dog and loves getting attention and affection. With all dogs, leadership needs to firmly but fairly rest with the owner. And this will make a good all-round dog that is well balanced. This breed is good with other family pets. More full of energy when younger, but this tapers down as the dog gets older. They snore loudly, and most have drooling and slobbering tendencies, and are messy eaters, due to their small snout. Without good leadership, and the human being, the Alpha, the bulldog can display strange, guarding tendencies; this can be to furniture or their toys or other rooms in the home.

Health issues: This breed is prone to breathing problems, poor eyesight, and hip and knee problems and can be prone to flatulence. They are also able to have heatstroke in warm weather or hot rooms, and are very sensitive to cold. Grooming: The English bulldog does not need much grooming; but everyday needs to have their face, wiped with a damp cloth and be cleaned inside the wrinkles, to prevent sores or infections. Their coat needs brushing or combing with a firm brush twice weekly. Bath this dog only when necessary.

Living conditions: This breed is surprisingly an indoor dog, and is exceptionally good for apartment life. Providing they have adequate exercise and their needs around temperature control are met.

Retrieved from “http://www.articlesbase.com/pets-articles/english-bulldog-health-issues-grooming-history-and-living-conditions-2622019.html”

(ArticlesBase SC #2622019)

scott lipey -
About the Author:

For more information on the different Dog Breeds, Dog Training methods and Teacup Puppies for sale including Teacup Yorkies, Teacup Chihuahuas and Teacup Morkies Please visit my websites below. TEACUP YORKIE PUPPIES for SALE

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